广东传统林业乡土知识系统与乡村林业

广东省山区居民人口多，且多居住在林区。山区人民在长期生产和生活实践中，对其聚居地的森林资源产生了深刻的认识和了解，并对其赖以生存的森林资源形成了独特的利用与管理的传统知识和经验。文章对广东乡土林业传统管理与利用进行了初步探讨。     

陕西农村家庭能源结构与能源消费意愿研究

通过实地调查研究,比较了陕南、关中、陕北3个地区农村家庭的能源结构现状和能源消费意愿.结果表明:受自然地理与资源条件的影响,陕南、关中与陕北三个地区之间在农村家庭能源生产结构方面存在显著差异.陕南农村家庭的能源消费结构单一,处于能源阶梯的最低级,以传统生物质能、人畜力为主;关中地区农村家庭的能源消费结构较为多元,处于能...     

武汉市农村种植户综合污水污染指标研究

指出了随着武汉市农村地区农副产品加工和水产、牲畜养殖的规模化发展,农村生活污水和生产废水的排放量与日俱增。随机对武汉市农村地区6个村庄,每个村庄3户农家的水样进行了取样和检测,分析了水质的COD、BOD、T N、T P、T SS ,结果表明：各地区水质特征基本吻合,整体波动幅度不大,提出了使用STCC工艺处理武汉市农村种植户综合污水的方案。     

城乡交错带景观生态规划初步探讨

本文在分析城乡交错带的产生、功能及景观生态问题的基础上，结合景观生态规划的一般原则、理论和步骤，探讨了与我国国情相适应的城乡交错带景观规划设计的策略和方法。     

Productivity and profitability of multistrata organic versus conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica

In areas where traditional multistrata coffee systems have been transformed to systems with patchy or no shade at all, often dependent on high chemical inputs, ecological and socioeconomic degradation has become an increasing issue. During the 1990s, rising environmental and health concerns have promoted the interest in organic production systems and their environmental services for natural resource conservation. This study compared productivity, profitability, producer-defined constraints, and goals and research priorities between ten individually paired organic and conventional coffee farms in Costa Rica. Although five of the organic farms matched or exceeded the production of their conventional counterparts, the three-year mean yield of the organic farms as a group was 22% lower than that of the conventional farms. However, excluding organic certification costs, mean variable costs and net income (NI) were similar for both groups, mainly because organic price premiums received by the farmers compensated for lower yields. If current organic certification costs are included, the price premiums paid to organic producers would have to increase to 38% in order to equal the NI from conventional coffee. Conventional farmers indentified low and unstable prices as the main constraints to sustained production and stated further intensification of production as their main goal. In contrast, the key issues for future development of the organic group centered on farm diversification, agroecological self-sufficiency, and agronomic practices that permit organic farm management. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of organic and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield and soil chemical properties in a maize cropping system in Meru South District, Kenya

Soil nutrient depletion as a result of continuous cultivation of soils without adequate addition of external inputs is a major challenge in the highlands of Kenya. An experiment was set up in Meru South District, Kenya in 2000 to investigate the effects of different soil-incorporated organic (manure, Tithonia diversifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala) and mineral fertilizer inputs on maize yield, and soil chemical properties over seven seasons. On average, tithonia treatments (with or without half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer) gave the highest grain yield (5.5 and 5.4 Mg ha⁻¹ respectively) while the control treatment gave the lowest yield (1.5 Mg ha⁻¹). After 2 years of trial implementation, total soil carbon and nitrogen contents were improved with the application of organic residues, and manure in particular improved soil calcium content. Results of the economic analysis indicated that on average across the seven seasons, tithonia with half recommended rate of mineral fertilizer treatment recorded the highest net benefit (USD 787 ha⁻¹) while the control recorded the lowest (USD 272 ha⁻¹). However, returns to labor or benefit-cost ratios were in most cases not significantly improved when organic materials were used.     

拖网渔船船-机-桨-网匹配研究

在拖网渔船的设计中,需要重点考虑螺旋桨与船-机的匹配、渔具与船-机-桨的匹配,实现推进系统的高效能发挥。本文引入时间概率的最佳螺旋桨参数优化确定方法,考虑拖网渔船设计的限制条件,通过优化分析,达到运营工况综合效能最佳,实现螺旋桨与船-机的合理匹配。从拖网渔船数据库中选取30艘运营状况优良的渔船进行有效拖力计算,建立拖网渔船有效拖力与主机功率和拖速的多元非线性回归方程,依据此方程得出的有效拖力结果选择网具和网板,实现有效拖力与渔具的合理匹配,最终实现渔具与船-机-桨的合理匹配。通过实船计算对比,验证了回归的有效拖力估算公式误差范围和适用性。研究表明:在拖网渔船设计初期,可以利用该公式估算有效拖力进行网具和网板的匹配,实现技术经济优化论证,最终实现船-机-桨-网的优化匹配。     

曹石村城乡一体化建设探析

指出了麦积区伯阳镇曹石村是全国先进性教育示范点和甘肃省新农村建设示范村,随着国家城乡一体化建设机遇,依靠国家政策,它将通过自身努力,争取建设成全国新农村建设示范点。同时,也将依据科学规划建设方案,因地制宜,稳步推进,全面加强曹石村的经济、政治、文化和社会建设,利用植被丰富、村民勤劳、气候条件优越、村领导有方等自身优势,把曹石村建设成天水市麦积区的特色村。     

双源热压机传热分析及输送管道结构设计

利用ANSYS有限元软件对单源载热体(导热油加热,水冷却)和双源载热体(热油和蒸汽同时加热,冷油和水同时冷却)的热压板孔道结构分别进行传热仿真分析,得到相应的温度分布云图及热压板温度随时间的变化曲线.传热仿真分析结果显示,在同样条件下用双源载热体把热压板加热到140℃所用的时间比单源载热体少200 s,双源载热体加热热压板板面最大温差1.2℃;双源载热体冷却所用的时间比单源载热体少330 s,板面最大温差2.6℃.表明采用双源载热体产品可达到优等品的生产要求.同时设计了与双源载热体相适应的载热体输送管道结构.     

超学科知识生产模式对农村地区多媒体英语教学的启示

随着知识经济的兴起,人类传统的知识生产模式正悄然发生革命性的变化。一种被称之为"超学科"的知识生产模式开始崭露头角,它强调知识生产要在多学科共同参与的广阔应用语境下进行,要在各利益方充分商榷、谈判、让步、协调、合作的基础上,形成最终共识,从而找到解决问题的途径。和传统的知识生产模式相比,超学科知识生产模式具有应用语境性、超学科性、异质性、反思性和质量控制标准多元性等典型特征,因而可以对农村地区多媒体英语教学具有良好的启示作用。